Another review, published by the same group, provided a summary of 55 studies on computer-based respiratory sound analysis. The review concluded that artificial intelligence techniques are needed to improve accuracy and enable commercialisation as a product. This covered types of analysis, sensor type, number of subjects, machine learning techniques used, and the outcome of each reference. The review in provided information on machine learning techniques used in lung sound analysis. The focus of this review was studies that tried to find the characteristics of adventitious sounds in COPD (wheeze, crackle, and rhonchi), including occurrence timing and the power spectrum. The conclusion of this work was that a multi domain feature has advantages in characterising different types of lung sounds.Ī review of computerised respiratory sounds specifically in patients with COPD was done in. Information on analysis type, approach, and data management was not reviewed. Signal pre-processing techniques such as de-noising, resampling, and analogue pre-filtering were also presented, as well as the number of sensors and their positioning. The review categorised features into time-domain, frequency-domain, wavelet-domain, and a combination of different domains. The article in provided a review of 49 articles which included the type of sensor, the data set, the features, the analysis techniques, and also the performance metrics used. Several reviews related to automatic adventitious sounds analysis have been published. While computerised respiratory sound analysis, specifically for the detection or classification of adventitious sounds, has been the focus of an increasing number of studies recently, a standardised approach and comparison has not been well established. However, the correct detection of these sounds relies on both, the presence of an “expert”, and their degree of expertise. An expert can perform auscultation using a stethoscope to detect abnormalities in sounds and use this information when making a diagnosis. The latter are referred to as adventitious sounds. Examples of this could be the absence of sounds or additive unusual ones.
Airway abnormalities can cause breathing sounds to be abnormal. These include asthma, COPD, and pneumonia amongst others. Most diseases related to an obstructed or restricted respiratory system can be characterised from the sounds generated while breathing.
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